Oakeshott Typology of Swords 101

If you’re a fan of medieval history, movies, or fantasy books, you’ve probably seen many swords. But did you know there’s a system to classify these ancient weapons? That’s where the Oakeshott Typology comes in! Created by a British historian named Ewart Oakeshott, this system helps us categorize different types of European swords from the Middle Ages (around the 11th to 15th centuries).

In this blog post, we’ll break down Oakeshott’s Typology into simple terms so that anyone can understand it. By the end, you’ll be able to recognize and appreciate the differences between various medieval swords!

What is the Oakeshott Typology?

Simply put, Oakeshott Typology is a way to classify swords based on their shape and design. It mainly focuses on the blade, hilt (the handle part), and how the sword was used. Oakeshott divided swords into 13 types, from Type X to Type XXII. He also identified different subtypes and variations, but we’ll focus on the main types to keep things simple.

Each type represents a different stage in the evolution of the medieval sword, showing how designs changed over time to adapt to new armour and fighting techniques.

The Oakeshott Typology Types Explained

Here’s a simplified breakdown of the main types of swords in Oakeshott’s Typology:

Type X: The Classic Medieval Sword

• Time Period: 11th to 13th centuries
• Characteristics: This is what most people imagine when they think of a medieval sword. It has a broad, flat blade with a fuller (a groove running down the center) and a simple crossguard. The blade is about the same width from top to bottom, making it great for cutting.

Type XI: The Long Cutter

• Time Period: 12th to 13th centuries
• Characteristics: Similar to Type X but longer and thinner. These swords were still primarily used for cutting but offered a bit more reach, making them effective for fighting on horseback.

Type XII: The Balanced Sword

• Time Period: 12th to 14th centuries
• Characteristics: This type is a good balance between cutting and thrusting. The blade is still broad, but it tapers slightly to a point. The fuller is shorter, making the blade stiffer and better for thrusting.

Type XIII: The Heavy Cutter

• Time Period: 13th to 14th centuries
• Characteristics: These swords are broader and heavier, designed for powerful cutting blows. They often have longer hilts to allow for two-handed use, giving the wielder more control and force.

Type XIV: The Short Thrusting Sword

• Time Period: 13th to 14th centuries
• Characteristics: This type has a shorter, broader blade that is excellent for both cutting and thrusting. Its compact size made it ideal for close combat in tight spaces.

Type XIVa 

Blade Characteristics:

Similar in shape to Type XIV but features a longer and narrower blade.

Blade length: Typically longer, reaching 32–36 inches (80–90 cm) or more.

Retains the strong taper to a sharp point, enhancing thrusting ability while still capable of effective cutting.

Type XV: The Armor Piercer

• Time Period: 14th to 15th centuries
• Characteristics: As armor improved, swords had to evolve. Type XV swords have a stiff, narrow blade that tapers to a sharp point, perfect for piercing through gaps in plate armor. These swords were more specialized for thrusting than cutting.

Type XVI: The Versatile Sword

• Time Period: 13th to 15th centuries
• Characteristics: This type combines features of earlier swords, with a blade that’s good for both cutting and thrusting. It has a more pronounced taper and a stiffer blade, making it a versatile weapon in battle.

Type XVII: The Long Piercer

• Time Period: 14th to 15th centuries
• Characteristics: These swords are long and narrow, designed primarily for thrusting. They were made to deal with the heavily armored opponents of the time, focusing on precision strikes.

Type XVIII: The Elegant Fighter

• Time Period: 14th to 16th centuries
• Characteristics: Type XVIII swords are slim, with a diamond-shaped cross-section for strength and a sharp point for thrusting. These swords were agile and well-suited to the evolving fighting styles of the late Middle Ages.

Type XIX: The Precision Sword

• Time Period: 15th to 16th centuries
• Characteristics: These swords are often shorter, with a complex hilt for better hand protection. The blade is narrow and stiff, designed for precise thrusts. They’re like the medieval version of a fencing sword.

Type XX: The Long Cutter

• Time Period: 15th to 16th centuries
• Characteristics: Similar to Type XIII, these swords are long and broad, designed for powerful cuts. They were often used with two hands, giving the wielder extra strength in battle.

Type XXI & XXII: The Transitional Swords

• Time Period: 15th to 17th centuries
• Characteristics: These swords mark the transition from medieval to Renaissance designs. They have complex hilts for hand protection and are often shorter and lighter, reflecting the shift in fighting styles.

Why Does Oakeshott Typology Matter?

Understanding the Oakeshott Typology helps us see the diversity and innovation in medieval sword design. These swords weren’t just weapons. They were crafted tools designed to meet the needs of their time. By learning about different types, you can appreciate the artistry and practicality behind these historical weapons.

Whether you’re a history buff, a collector, or just someone who loves swords, the Oakeshott Typology gives you a deeper understanding of how these iconic weapons evolved and why they were so important in medieval society.

So next time you see a sword in a museum, a movie, or a book, you’ll be able to say, “Hey, that’s a Type XVI sword!” and impress everyone with your knowledge.

Happy sword-spotting!